Text 3
The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.
Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings.
Aesop's fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature
and humanity. For example, one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play down that which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.
The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.
31. The author appears to view fables as ______.
[A] the most interesting and valuable form of mythology
[B] entertaining yet serious subjects of study
[C] a remnant tool of past civilizations, but not often used in the modern age
[D] the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations
32. The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today's ______.
[A] fairy tales that entertain children at home
[B] stories in children's school textbooks that reinforce the lesson
[C] science documentaries that explain how nature works
[D] movies that depict animals as having human characteristics
33. The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to ______.
[A] examine how one of Aesop's fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief
[B] dissect one of Aesop's fables in order to study the elements that make up Greek mythology
[C] learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesop's most well-known fables
[D] illustrate a fable typical of Aesop's style, so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it
34. The author names the Roman, Aztec and European cultures in order to ______.
[A] identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values
[B] explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture's fables
[C] stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals
[D] establish them, in addition to the Greeks, as the societies most notable for their mythology
35. The main point of this text is ______.
[A] Aesop's fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs
[B] the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythology
[C] without a thorough examination of a society's fables and other mythology, a cultural study on that society would be only partial
[D] through the study of a culture's mythological tradition, one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories
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