Text 2
It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley's Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labor arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.
The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.
Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages:
Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.
26. To off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from ___________.
[A] the blue-collar job market
[B] the geographic location of the Underdeveloped world
[C] the fierce competition among skilled workers
[D] the dive of telecoms fee
27. Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?
[A] Service-sector has sustained a great loss.
[B] White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.
[C] Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.
[D] Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.
28. According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if ___________.
[A] outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much
[B] the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise
[C] more comprehensive factors are taken into account
[D] education improvement in emerging economies plays a role
29. The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on ___________.
[A] the standard retort to the arguments
[B] off-shoring and the resulting income
[C] the future off-shoring
[D] the counter-measures at hand
30. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
[A] Business consulting.
[B] Blue-collar jobs.
[C] Non-tradable services.
[D] White-collar blues.
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